Leaf-cutting Ants Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

One of the most little known species of emmets in North the States is the leaf-cutter ant. This is mainly because it lives in tropical environments and it is not aggressive to animals or humans if not disturbed. The leaf cutting ant is a social insect. Alone the ant is virtually helpless but with the colony it can be a thing fe bed by animal and human alike. The leaf-cutting ants have a very serious role in the tropical forest. They create and manipulate the environment around them. They also can do major damage. The leaf-cutting or fungus-growing ants argon distributed from northern Texas to cardinal Argentina. These ants are injurious since they cut the green vegetation from trees, shrubs and crops, and carry it into the dwell, where they cultivate fungi on it. They have been known to denude a tree or ornamental plants in one night. It has been estimated they do $1 billion damage per year in North and South America today, these ants still cause millions of dollars in crop lo sses in many South American countries. Although primarily an agricultural pest, this insect on occasion may invade the home for cereals. In the United States, the Texas leaf-cutting ant, Atta texana , occurs in Texas and Louisiana. This ant is believed to cause a total yearly loss of $5 million in the United States (unison services. 1998).There are about 9,500 named species of ants. These ants are divided into 16 sub families and 300 genera, all which belong to the family called Formicidae, the family of ants (Hoyt. 1996). The leaf cutting ant belongs to the genus called Atta. There are fifteen different species of Atta and all are limited to the new world (Holldobler & Wilson, 1994). The leaf-cutter ant looks pretty much like a regular ant in North America except that it is a little bigger than most ants. Looking at the ant in the untrained eye a person usually perceives that it is a primitive organism. Looks can be deceiving. The leaf-cutter ant is a complex superorganism uniqu e social, environmental, and food gathering behavior.The anatomy of the leaf-cutter ant is pretty simple. It has a one segment "waist" (pedicel) between thorax and abdomen. Sharp spines on waist and backward from head. emmetennae 11-segmented very long and elbowed without distinct club. The legs are very long. This ant can be light to dark reddish brown (Smith. 1997).The leaf-cutter at is just li... ...vailable <a href="http//entowww.tamu.edu/extension/bulletins/uc/uc-033.html">http//entowww.tamu.edu/extension/bulletins/uc/uc-033.htmlUnison Services. "The Leaf Cutting Ant or Fungus-Growing Ants." 4 Jan. 1998. Available <a href="http//www.unisonservices.com/leafcuttingant.html">http//www.unisonservices.com/leafcuttingant.html.Vasconcelos, H.L. 1997. Foraging activity of an Amazonian leaf-cutting ant responses to changes in the availability of woody plants and to previous plant damage. Oecologia 112 370-378Vasconcelos, H., and Cherrett J. 19 97. Leaf-cutting ants and early forest innovation in central Amazonia effects of herbivory on tree seedling establishment, Journal of Tropical Ecology 13 357-370Weber, V.A. (1972) Gardening Ants, the Attines. American Philosphical Society. Philadelphia.Whitehouse, M., and Jaffe, K. 1996. Ant wars combat strategies, territory and nest defense in the leaf- cutting ant Atta Laevigata. Animal Behavior 51 1207-1217Wirth, R., Beyschlag, W., and Ryel, J. 1997. Annual foraging of the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica in a semideciduous rain forest in Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13 741-757

Common Program Models :: essays papers

Common Program ModelsThere are various forms of year-round education. The program consists of several plans including, idea 6, multi tracks, and single tracks. These options allow schools to provide a better working environment for students. Most calendars are designed to split the school year into periods with vacation time, called intersession. ace popular plan that has been proven to be successful is the concept 6 program.Concept 6 plan has been used successfully at both easy and secondary levels. It is particularly useful when there is lack of space. It requires that students be divide into three groups, with one group always on vacation, thus releasing a considerable amount of space for instructional use. A high school built for 1,600 students can house 2,400 under a Concept 6 three-track plan. It to a fault can be administered in a single-track pattern. The Concept 6 plan calls for sestet terms of approximately 43 twenty-four hourss each. Students attend four of the six terms but must attend two of their four terms consecutively. The plan provides for 160 or more days a year. In states where one hundred seventy-five or more days of attendance are required, additional days can be completed by over-lapping the groups on half-day sessions the first and last day of each term, by independent study and intersession programs, or by creative off-campus group activities. In states that mandate the number of minuets per year in various subjects as a substitute for the number of days, Concept 6 can operate effectively by extending the minuets of instruction each day so that the total ingathering of minutes of instruction each day so that the total accumulation of minutes equals the minimum number of days required by the state. (Ballinger C.E, pp. 23)Standard multi-track schedules take the 60-20 and 45-15 schedule. Both of these calendars can work in the form of single track scheduling, using multi-tracks school facilities get more use because di fferent groups are in and out of the school, allowing the school to cater to more students. There are benefits for the single track plans. Experts say that single tracks improve attendance and the students are more concerned (Rasmussen, 2000). The main difference between the two is that during single-track programs all of the students and staff follow the same calendar, where as the multi tracks have several different tracks that students and staff are divided into.

The Education of Nineteenth Century Women Artists :: Essays Papers

The Education of Nineteenth Century Women ArtistsThe formal didactics of women artists in the coupled States has taken quite a long journey. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most noted and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (the PAFA).Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is at a time called a fashionable education (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Unfortunately, this small degree of educat ion was extremely restricting to women. If they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of womens education created generations of women that were almost wholly dependent on their husbands and male relatives.During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and in addition for the education of both. In the beginning, womens art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all womens art schools to establish this form of education.Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woman of stature and decided to commence this school in one of the rooms of her mansion and to hire a teacher to hold regular classes for women in art and design. (As a wonderful inducing for all women, tuition was free for the poor and the wealthy paid a very small sum.) Sarah Peter saw how truly poor the traditional education for women was and she strongly believed that every woman should stand by her sex, thus her reasoning for establishing this soon to become famous art school.

Ben Franklin Norris Essay -- essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin Norris, one of the leading figures in the naturalistic style of writing, was born in Chicago in 1970. During his teenage years he moved to 1822 Sacramento Street to live with his father in San Francisco. He traveled to Paris and studied Art and was first exposed to one of his authoritative writers Emile Zola. He re rancid to San Francisco and studied the philosophy of evolution at the University of California at Berkley. He transferred to Harvard and took writing classes under Lewis E Gates. Upon graduating he attempted to make a name for himself as a travel writer. He traveled to South Africa and wrote an article about the Boer war. His plans to stay there were cut short as he was captured by the Boer army and deported back to the United States. When he returned to San Francisco, Norris began writing for the magazine The Wave. It was at The Wave that he wrote his first published article that later turned into a novel. Norris continued to rifle as a journalist, c overing the Spanish-American war and he published a few more novels. In 1900, he began work on his second trilogy and most influential set of writings called The Epic of Wheat. The first book of his trilogy, The Octopus, was published in 1901. The second novel, The Pitt, was just near destroyed when he suffered from appendicitis and had to go under the knife to have his appendix removed. Unfortunately he never recovered from his surgery, and the third book of his trilogy was never written. Norris was mar...

Panama :: Essays Papers

straw hatThe official name of Panama is the Republic of Panama or (Repblica de Panam). Panama is located on the narrowest and lowest part of the Isthmus of Panama that links North America and South America. This part of the isthmus is determined between 7 and 10 north latitude and 77 and 83 west longitude. Panama is slightly smaller than South Carolina, approximately 77,082 square kilometers. The democracys two coastlines are referred to as the Caribbean and Pacific, rather than the north and south coasts. To the east is Colombia and to the west costa Rica. Pacific. Dominant features of their landform is highlands forming the continental divide. The higher elevations near borders with Costa Rica and Colombia. The highest point in the country is the Volcn Bar which rises to almost 3,500 meters. The lowest elevation is in the middle of the country where it is crossed by the Panama Canal. closely of the population is on the Pacific side of the divide. The population of the country is around 2.8 million with a growth rate of 1.5%. The racial and ethnic groups are 65% mestizo, 14% African descent, 10% Spanish descent, 10% Indian. The religion is 85% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant, and 5% Islamic. Spanish is the official language, though United States twine and the canal zone reinforce the use of English as a second language. Panamas arts show its ethnic mix. Indian tribes, West Indian groups, mestizos, Chinese, middle Eastern, Swiss, Yugoslav and North American immigrants have all offer contributed ingredients to the culture. Traditional arts are woodcarving, weaving, ceramics and mask-making. The capital city is Panama City with major cities of Colon, Bocas del Toro, Potobelo, El porvenir, Santiago, Tocumen, La Palma, David, Balboa, and el Dorado. Political culture traditionally characterized by personalism, the tendency to give ones political loyalties to an individual rather than to a party. Politics from 1968 until his death in 1981 dominated by Gene ral Omar Torrijos Herrera, Their form of government is Executive under provisions of their 1972 Constitution, as amended in 1978 and 1983. The chief executive is president of the republic, he is assisted by two vice presidents, all elected by popular vote for five-year terms. The unit of currency is the Balboa which is equal to the United States dollar. Balboas are on hand(predicate) only in coins.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

Vintage short stories are meant to entertain their readers. However, many passive readers miss the true delight that lies within the storey in the hidden context. Most short stories have, embedded in the writing, a lesson or theme attached to them. In the short tommyrot The yellow(a) Wallpaper, Gilman demonstrates a woman who has suffered from repression and longs for the freedom from her controlling husband. Gender conflicts play a major role passim this allegory. The author portrays these kinds of conflicts through the three main(prenominal) characters, John, Jennie and the vote counter. The theme of this story is a womans fall into insanity resulting from isolation from treatment of post-partum depression. Gilman is to a fault telling the story of how women were thought of as prisoners by the demands of the society throughout that time period. She also expresses the punishments these women had when they tried to break free. As a reader, we see how much control John had ov er her and how it ended up affecting her individuality.The narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper writes about her experience in dealing with depression. As a result her husband, a physician, decided that it would be a faithful idea for them to seize a trip to the country for the summer where she could get the rest and isolation that she needs. In the beginning the woman becomes increasingly unhappy as she is forced to adopt a room that she despises. She describes the wal... The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers Vintage short stories are meant to entertain their readers. However, many passive readers miss the true entertainment that lies within the story in the hidden context. Most short stories have, embedded in the writing, a lesson or theme attached to them. In the short story The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilman demonstrates a woman who has suffered from repression and longs for the freedom from her controlling husband. Gender conflicts play a major role throughout this story. The author portrays these kinds of conflicts through the three main characters, John, Jennie and the narrator. The theme of this story is a womans fall into insanity resulting from isolation from treatment of post-partum depression. Gilman is also telling the story of how women were thought of as prisoners by the demands of the society throughout that time period. She also expresses the punishments these women had when they tried to break free. As a reader, we see how much control John had over her and how it ended up affecting her individuality.The narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper writes about her experience in dealing with depression. As a result her husband, a physician, decided that it would be a good idea for them to take a trip to the country for the summer where she could get the rest and isolation that she needs. In the beginning the woman becomes increasingly unhappy as she is forced to occupy a room that she despises. She describes the wal...

A Fusion of Past and Present

Vacations are always a treat for everybody. For families, it means spending more than the usual time with to each one other, creating memories, having fun and blocking the rest of society out. It is in these rare times, when everybody is relaxed and optimistic that family members get to know the real people behind their Dads, Moms, Brothers and Sisters.Not everyone can indulge in vacations and others may see it as an irrelevant expense, instead of a necessity. We often scram it for granted but it is amazing how much good a unprejudiced vacation could do to a family who is under stress, and is caught up in their everyday routines.In fact, according to several independent studies published at Stress.About.com, vacations help one mystify more creative, as vacations are usually a time to get to know ones self better. These studies also suggest that people who take more vacations are less likely to experience burnouts from little everyday stresses from work, marital purport, and fami ly life which could ultimately lead to a better way of life and an increase in the quality of work in ones job.According to Barbara Fiese, a professor of Psychology at Syracruse University, vacations actually make you and your children healthier because they improve stress that builds up every day. Fiese also suggests that the amount of money you spend on vacations is not directly proportional to the health benefits you get, and adds that the silly songs you sing in the car, or those funny accidents you experience during a trip out of town are the things that make your vacation more unique, enjoyable and ultimately a lighter, happier experience.I deliberate vacations are to be encouraged to everyone who has growing children, because they not only make for great memories, relieve the stress brought about by everyday life, and give a chance for family members to bond but they also give you a place to find your inner child, which is definitely one of the best stress busters one could have.

Effects of Ofw Essay

The effects of overseas filipino workers in their childrenOverseas Filipino Workers sacrifice a lot to provide a mend life for their families in the Philippines. They spent holidays, birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas, New Year and other important occasions away from their families. It has an effect of the children of Ofws. No money can replace the hug of a father or mother, no toy or balikbayan box can take the place of the quality time spent together with ones family. Children depart feel that they are missing the love of their father and or mother that it doesnt have to be that way. The Internet has tools to can bring families together for free. These tools can provide ways for families to see and go steady each other for free. It gives them the chance to connect and spent quality time even if they are hundreds of miles away.Ofw sacrifices and reasons why they leaveHere in the Philippines poverty is rampant, the hardships of life are in one package al restore. Thats why man y Filipinos work overseas look for greener pastures, to provide appropriate needs for there family, Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) also have the prestige to be called our new heroes for they send foreign money at heart the Philippines with it we are able to pay the dept of our nation where it had been already ballooned into billions because of our incapable government.These are the reasons why they leaveFirst reason poverty, poverty is everywhere, it is all over the foundation and we cannot deny that the Nation of the Philippines is not excluded to it for it is even a third population country.Secondly, Overpopulation the population of the Philippines is estimated 99,900,177million (July 2010 est.) by looking closely, the demands for workers decreases because the quantity of people needing a job is overflowing. terce One big impact is our incapable government, yes We know that they are trying there best to eradicate this poverty plague in our nation but it is not enough to make up all the things that the people really need, they need a right government who are not blind, mute and cannot hear to know what is happening to our dying nation.Lastly the lazy houseband or husband I should say, the father is the provider of the house, this is our in dogma all over the world but sadly to say here in the Philippines this is where you can find abundantly these housebands.These are the Advantage and Disadvantages of OFWAdvantages1. You could just have the root of all kinds of malign which money. Thats the main purpose of working abroad. 2. You will have more relatives and friends.Disadvantages1. Far from your families and friends. 2. You have to adjust to your new environment. 3. The Philippine goverment considers OFWs as nutrition heroes but if you are in trouble you may realize that most heroes are suffering from death. 4. For the first time being an OFW, you have to be ready for the unknown. 5. If you have chidren, Sorry you could not see them growing up. 6. Its just a waste of time. Just stay home and enjoy whats in there.

Classroom Management Plan Essay

A schoolingroom management plan is the road map for an effective teaching and reading environment. Classrooms ar communities that only succeed when citizens hold out together, and take responsibility for their actions. It includes the physical environment, routines, student-teacher interactions, volunteers, expectations, rules, responsibilities, and consequences. Student-teacher interaction Teachers funding students in academic and social learning by stay calm and consistent in all circumstances. This includes teaching how to take responsibility for behavior, making good choices, and learning from mistakes.Students are more motivated when mutual respectfulness exists (Jones & Jones, 2010). It is important for teachers to demonstrate interest in students. When students believe their teacher cares about them, they respect him or her. Behavioral expectations Clear expectations are important for student sense and success. Discussion of expected behaviors and consequences assi st in clarifying appropriate behaviors. Modeling, practicing, and role-playing teach students proper behaviors. Negative behaviors are treated as teachable moments to continually explicate students. Incentive program Students who exhibit exemplary behavior receive class money toward the class store. Money is only given to students who exceed expected behaviors or acquirements. Once a month, they bring forth an opportunity to shop at the schooling store. Desk arrangement It is important for students to know each other, and to know about each others experiences, values, and perceptions. Desks arranged in groups foster student to student relationships and collaboration among students. Desks are rearranged throughout the year. Teachers desk and other work areas Close law of proximity to students enhances student-teacher relationships, so the teachers desk go forth be as close as possible with a clear passing playway to students desks. otherwise work areas such as computer de sks and reading club table are easily accessible for smooth transitions. Wall hangings Wall hangings include school and schoolroom rules, expectations, and procedures. One wall includes a word-wall students build and refer to throughout the year. Other hangings include schedules, unit instruction, inspirational pictures, and general information. Routines and procedures Routines and procedures are established, and practiced from the graduation exercise day of school. They include arrival procedures, attgoalance, tiffin count, bathroom breaks, transitions within the classroom, and transitions outside the classroom, passing out materials, submitting assignments, and end-of-day procedures. Parent volunteers Parent volunteers are an important part of the classroom. Students adore seeing their parents in the class, and around the school. When parents volunteer, students be nominate and perform better.It provides opportunities for parents to translate the classroom community. Wh en parents understand the classroom management, they can assist teachers in supporting it. Rules and Consequences To prevent disruptions, and go for consistency in a classroom, rules and consequences must be clear and consistent. Some behaviors warrant only hypothesizeing a students name, or walkway over to the student. This provides subtle re-direction without embarrassment. Other behaviors require stronger intervention, such as removal from the classroom, teacher-student-parent discussions, or office referrals.Students are capable of demonstrating mutual respect of feelings and belongings, raising manpower to be called upon, honesty, cleanliness, paying attention, and hard work. Classroom rules support these capabilities, and are habituated to promote positive behavior and student success. The first day of school, students and teacher together compile a list of rules and corresponding consequences. They may include following directions, being prepared, respecting personal sp ace, mutual respect for people and property, work restfully, kindness, good manners, and safety. A contract outlining class rules is provided to students.Students are required to review the contract with their parents and both must show understanding by signing it. Consequences are designed to support rules and expectations. Behaviors may result in positive or negative consequences. Positive consequences reinforce positive behaviors. They may include good grades, verbal p burn, written praise, self-pride, lunch with the teacher, extra computer time, and free time. Negative behaviors disrupt instruction and impact the classroom community. Consequences are designed to alleviate disruptions, and teach students to contri only whene positively to the classroom community.Although consequences depend on behaviors, some negative consequences may include adjusting seating arrangement, missing recess to complete assignments, cleaning up messy work areas or the lunch room, bad grades, remova l of fun activities, office referrals, and parent phone calls. Task Analysis of Procedures Attending Assemblies An assembly is scheduled for 1000am in the gym. down the stairs is a task analysis of going to the assembly, and going can to the classroom after the assembly. 1. The principal announces by grade order, lowest to highest, to go to the assembly in the gym. 2.Teacher asks students to clear their desks, stand up, and push in their chairs. 3. Students clear their desks, stand up and push in their chairs. 4. Teacher asks students to quietly line up in alphabetical order. 5. Students quietly line up in alphabetical order. 6. Teacher reviews proper assembly behavior. a. Students should sit still, keeping hands, arms and legs to themselves. b. Students should non talk during the assembly. c. If asked for volunteers, students should raise hands, not call out. d. Students should clap when the assembly is over. It is a way of saying thank you. e.When assembly ends, students remai n seated until teacher tells them to stand. f.Teacher reminds students to sit at their desks when they return from the assembly. 7. Teacher leads students down the hallway to the gym. a. Stay on the sound side of the hallway. b. If a lower grade class needs to pass, the students stop and time lag quietly against the right wall while the other class passes. c. If class is passing another class, they should walk quietly on the left side of the hallway. 8. forecast the gym through the southeast door. 9. Lead the line of students to their correct places. 10. Ask them to quietly sit down.11. Take your seat in the folding chair at the end of your class row. 12. When assembly is over classes will exit the gym in grade order, lowest to highest. 13. Teacher stands up and reminds students to remain seated. 14. When it is time, teacher asks students to quietly stand up and remain in their line. 15. Teacher reminds students to sit at their desks when they return to the classroom. 16. Teache r reminds students to walk quietly down the hallway, staying in line, to their classroom. 17. Teacher leads students punt to the classroom. 18. Teacher reminds students to sit at their desks. 19.When students are seated, teacher thanks students for following directions, and maintaining good behavior. Substitute Plan Welcome to the class. There are 20 students in the class. If you need assistance please call on Katie, Jackson, or Alexis. The following is a list of students who are pulled from class. SEM Mrs. Hills will come get them Tuesday 100 200 Alexis, Jackson Thursday 130 230 Alexis, Jackson, Katie, Scotty Send students to Reading Club Mrs. Dixon Monday Thursday 1230 100 Joey, Hailey, Eric, Steve, Lanie Send students to pitch Mrs. Johnson Monday, Wednesday 1230 115 John, MarkDaily Schedule 845 850 Retrieve students from side door. 850 905 Hang coats, deliver homework to basket, lunch boxes to basket, Pledge of Allegiance, morning announcements, sit at desks, attendan ce 905 920 Review date, schedule, spell and vocabulary words. 920 1010 Math Lesson. Consult lesson planner. 1010 1015 Bathroom Break 1015 1030 Recess. walking students to and from the back door. 1035 1125 Monday Computer Lab flip students to and from Room 20 Tuesday Music Walk students to and from Room 13 Wednesday PE Walk students to and from Stage.Thursday Library Walk students to and from Library Friday Parent Art Activity see volunteer schedule 1125 1130 Bathroom Break 1130 1200 Lunch. Students line up in alphabetical order by last name. Walk students into the lunchroom to the cashier. 1200 1220 Recess. Students will be sent by the lunch room monitor, but please pick them up at the back door. 1220 115 Lesson from Anthology books. Consult lesson planner. 115 135 Centers 135 200 Science Lesson. Consult lesson planner. 200 205 Bathroom Break 205 220 Recess. Walk students to and from the back door.220 305 Activity related to lessons. Consult lesson planner. 305 320 Reading time. 320 325 Clear desks and put chairs on top. Gather belongings. Walk students to front door. Continue to walk Alexis, Steve, Josie, Braden, Braxton, Eric, and Kathy to bus. General Information Class lists, lesson planner, management plan, and emergency procedures are located in the left desk drawer. Student files are in hanging folders in the right desk drawer. Occasionally, adjustments to the schedule need to be made because of assemblies. Please communicate any adjustments during morning announcements. Attendance is reported on the Encore software on my computer. Login information is located on the inside page of the lesson planner. You may use a class list to mark tardy and absent. Anytime the class leaves, they should quietly line up. Do not bring them anywhere until they are quietly lined up. When walking in hallways, they should remain quiet, walk single file, and stay to the right. At bathroom breaks, remind students of proper behavior (posted), and to w ash their hands. If students need to go to the bathroom at other times, they must raise their hands and ask permission.They may not go in pairs. Any materials needed for activities, or other handouts are located in the materials area in the corner of the classroom, near the sink. Students may take AR tests on the computers during Reading Time. Remind them of the computer policies (posted near computer area). Prior to recess, and lunch, remind students to be respectful and demonstrate good behavior. If students finish assignments early, they may work on other unfinished assignments. If they do not have unfinished assignments, they may read, or take an AR test on one of the classroom computers. There is a pencil sharpener in the materials area, with a cup of pencils next to it. If they need sharpening, a different pencil sharpener is assigned each day. The students may use the water fountain when they take bathroom breaks, before lunch and recess. Students may keep water bottles at their desks. Classroom computers may be used during centers and for AR tests. Teachers mailboxes are located in the mail room in the front office. Please check the box with my name on it at least once a day. If a pip-squeak is injured, he or she should be taken to the office.You may discuss with the office staff whether or not parents/guardians need to be called. When you leave for the day, please turn the lights off and close the door. In case of emergency The class evacuates the building through the east doors. The students should calmly, but quickly line up, leave the building and walk straight up the hill. If you have an emergency in the classroom, you may call the office by mechanical press office button on the phone. There is a fire alarm lever in the hallway to the left of the classroom door. In the event of a lockdown, teacher and students sit quietly by the north wall (under the coat rack).Turn the lights off, and remain silent until the principal or vice-principal comes to the door and gives the all-clear. Please visit the emergency procedures for further information. Classroom management Rules, expectations, and procedures are posted on the wall. There is class money given to students who exhibit exceptional behavior. At the end of the month, provide an opportunity to shop in the school store. The store is located in the standing cabinet next to the bookshelves. Disruptive students should adjust their behavior when you say their name, or walk over to them.If they do not, they may be pulled aside to discuss reasons for their behavior and how to adjust it. If they continue to be disruptive, they may stay in at recess to reflect on their behavior. Please consult the management plan for further details. Please leave me documentation of disruptive behaviors, and their consequences. There is a documentation form with the management plan. Implementation Plan Beginning on the first day of school rules and expectations will be practiced, reviewed, and posted. They will also be reviewed throughout the year as necessary.To increase student ownership, there will be a rotation of student helpers who have extra responsibilities such as passing out papers, and delivering home lunches to the lunch room. Positive and negative behaviors will be quickly and consistently addressed to reduce disruptions. Students who are engaged are more likely to demonstrate positive behaviors. It is important to understand students learning styles, interests, and experiences when designing instruction. Instructional activities should be varied to promote positive learning experiences hence reducing misbehaviors.Differentiated and individualized instruction may be implemented to further engage students. Parents support implementation when they foster positive teacher-parent relationships, and support the classroom rules and expectations. Parents ensure their students complete assignments, and prepare them for submission. They assist teaching students p roper behaviors, and the skills needed to make positive choices. Letter to Parents Dear Parents, I am excited to welcome your child to my class. Our classroom is a community where together we will strive for success by workings together, and relying on each other.To achieve success, it is important for you, me, and your child to work together. I have high academic and behavioral expectations for my students, and with your support in and out of the classroom, I believe we will have a fun, successful school year. I encourage you to volunteer in the classroom. Students love seeing their parents in school. It allows students extra one-on-one and small group work, which is increases their performance. cosmos involved is also an excellent way to gain information on what your child is learning and experiencing while at school.Involvement in your childs education is vital for success. I realize my students are involved in many different activities, but I ask you to please make school and homework a top priority. You can do that by establishing bedtimes, homework routines, reviewing completed work, providing praise and support. I also ask that you pertain me if you ever have questions or concerns. In concomitant to scheduled conferences, I will update you via newsletters, e-mail, and phone calls. Any work that has not been completed at school will be sent home as homework.In addition, your child is expected to read a minimum of 20 minutes per day, which will be introduce on a weekly reading log. Other homework assignments will be book reports, a science project, and a country project. In addition to academic work, your child is expected to follow the classroom rules. These rules include behaving responsibly, being kind, and staying safe. I believe consequences should be appropriate. For example, if I receive a complaint from the lunch ladies that the class lunch table was left messy, the class will assist in cleaning up.I will regularly update you on your childs p rogress and behavior. I am very excited about this year. I am here for your child, so please feel free to contact me either by phone or e-mail anytime. I look forward to working with you and your child in achieving success both academically and socially. give thanks you for allowing me to contribute to your childs growth and success. Thank you, Lynn James ljameslovetoread. com (555) 555-5555 Strategies for Assessing Plan Effective classroom management is vital to student success.Classroom management plans may need adjustment depending on grade level and classroom dynamics. Academic achievement is an indicator of student success therefore it is one way to task a classroom management plan. Parents and administrators receive copies of student grades which enables them to assess classroom management effectiveness. When administrators, visitors, substitute teachers, and volunteers come to the classroom, they see student behaviors. When they see students quietly working at their desks, or in centers without disruptions or chaos, they know they are in a well-managed classroom.If they see students shouting out answers without being called upon, or students constantly piteous about the classroom when they should be at their desks working, they know it is not a well-managed classroom. Newer teachers should consult with experienced, effective teachers to assess classroom management plans. They understand the nature of disruptions in classrooms. They also understand whether or not students are effectively learning or simply going through the motions. Experienced teachers provide constructive rebuke for any necessary adjustments. Principals or other administrators also effectively assess classroom management plans.Teachers should consult with principals for guidance in specific areas of classroom management. They understand when students respond positively or negatively to teachers. It is helpful for administrators to review the written classroom management plan, such as reviewing strategies addressing student behavior and reward or incentive programs. Their experience is invaluable to a new teacher. Reference Jones, V. , & Jones, L. (2010). Comprehensive classroom management Creating communities of support and solving problems (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Merrill.

The Concept Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

The challenges outlined in this definition atomic number 18 the chief occupation of health attention professionals, particularly commonplace health specializers who receive going from Schools of globe health ( SOPH ) . SOPH is a term used to depict a member in an establishment of higher acquisition concerned chiefly with proviso of postgraduate in the public eye(predicate) Health tutoring, chiefly in the signifier of a get the hang grade in Public Health ( mph ) . ( 3 )1.1 BackgroundsGlobally, at that place have been important alterations in worldly concern wellness, with monolithic betterments in developed states, bit stagnancy and even diminution has been observed in the wellness position of developing and under-developed states. In states equal(p) the coupled Kingdom, the screen out of wellness attention during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries focused on proviso of drinkable H2O and bettering sanitation, and clean air. These purposes have mostly been achie ved to a sensible criterion, but unhappily, the state of affairs is far from what is desired in most underdeveloped states. ( 4 ) The current tendency is typified by the reverse attention jurisprudence , where comparatively few schools of ordinary wellness exist in parts with the greatest public wellness challenges and an extra figure exist in the developed universe, where central point has shifted to face refreshful epidemics of sick wellness ensuing from, for case drug maltreatment, fleshiness and smoke. The key to turn toing these wellness issues, both in development and developed states, lies with the preparation of competent public wellness specializer this undertaking lies chiefly with SOPH. ( 3 )With the apparent importance of public wellness, the preparation of public wellness professionals plays an indispensable function in undertaking these jobs, as it lays the foundation for the hereafter of this sector. Selection is an built-in portion of any preparation architec tural plan and its importance can non be overemphasized. It can be described as the first angiotensin converting enzyme of the most of import stairss in the bringing of effectual population found wellness attention in this context.The class constructions of most miles per hour programmes were traditionally centred on capable countries such(prenominal) as epidemiology, wellness policy, wellness publicity, wellness direction, environmental wellness, human bio limpid science and wellness economic sciences. ( 5-7 ) Presently nevertheless, the range has been expanded to include merry-go-roundics affecting statistical digest and the usage of computing machine programmes the mightiness to entree, manage and work with education the ability to show and circu advanced in governing body in an effectual mode question and communicating accomplishments sensitiveness to wellness inequalities and societal accomplishments. ( 7 )Most SOPH in the United Kingdom are organized around the subjects of capacity edifice, multidisciplinary, balanced guidance and enquiry. Information is dissipated in traditional category room scene, every as full-time 12 month programmes, or as portion clip 24-60 months programmes. ( 8 ) Certain SOPH have adopted more advanced agencies of instruction bringing, choosing for electronic agencies for proviso of distance acquisition.1.2 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESInstitutions of larning concerned with educating pupils in the rules of public wellness started emerging in the early portion of the 20th century. The first of its sort was formed in 1916, when the Rockefeller foundation funded the gift of John Hopkins University in the United States. This establishment differed in its proficient attack to public wellness contrasting with the more societal and environmental attack adopted by Charles Edward Wins small-scale at Yale University. ( 3 )In line with the Rockefeller foundation s aims of developing the scientific discip line of public wellness, it went in front to fund the constitution of legion SOPH within the United States and world(prenominal)ly. Its first international legacy was in the UK, where in 1922, it sponsored the formation of the public wellness section in the London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( LSHTM ) . However, shortly after the Second World War, the Rockefeller foundation shifted its central point to other precedences. Despite this, there was still an addition in the figure of SOPH, with the World Health Organization join forcesing with National authoritiess specifically to develop and educate public wellness professionals from 1948. These attempts have seen the constitution of or so 357 SOPH in 54 states as at 2006. ( 3 )1.3 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE join KINGDOMAn cyberspace based move of the universities in the UK offering different signifiers of public wellness at station alumnus degree revealed about 70 eight of such establishments. However, there are d ifferences in the quality and focal point of public wellness research offered by these establishments. These differences were highlighted after the 2008 Research judgment Exercise ( RAE ) , which identified the figure of research active staff and conducted a peer estimate of the quality of research within different universities. ( 9 ) other important difference in UK SOPH is the appellation between programmes offering a Masters in public Health ( MPH ) and an MSc in public wellness as differentiated by establishments established before and after 1992. Evans ( 2009 ) identified pre-1992 universities as establishments that offer intensive classs and are staffed by internationally accept research workers and have programmes normally labelled as Masters in Public wellness ( MPH ) . The post-1992 universities are largely former engineering schools that overflow largely parttime classs and frequently have less internationally celebrated staff labelling their programme as MSc in Pub lic Health . MPH programme are by and large considered superior to most MSc Public wellness programmes for these grounds. However the full clip MSc public wellness programme the London School of Hygiene and Tropical medical specialty ( LSTHM ) is internationally celebrated and stands as an exclusion to the facts stated above. ( 3 )Over the last deuce decennaries, there have been important additions in the figure of postgraduate public wellness classs, particularly in new universities. These classs normally have a wider focal point reflecting the more societal facets of public wellness coupled with an admittance of pupils with multidisciplinary backgrounds. It was nt until 1992 that the LSTHM opened its public wellness grade to pupils with first grades other than medical specialty. It took a twosome of more old ages until the Faculty of Public wellness admitted non-medical alumnuss into its preparation programme in the twelvemonth 2000. ( 10 )One major challenge of SOPH in the UK ha s been the issue of equilibrating research with learning. Schools that have really low RAE ranking exit more likely lose support. Besides, the focal point on research is control by the desire for equal reviewed publications as a step of the grade of academic success. This tendency has resulted in the prioritization of research over learning for most establishments of public wellness. However, there has been a nexus between the National Health Service and some SOPH, where the MPH class forms the first twelvemonth of public wellness specializer preparation programme which runs for 5 old ages. This agreement it has been argued departing likely assist equilibrate research and instruction. ( 3,6 )1.4 THE PROCESS OF SELECTIONThe United Kingdom is al-Qaida to some of the most reputable acquisition establishments in the universe and as such attracts a diverse group of persons every twelvemonth, who come in incline of quality cognition. The examples used for pupil picking into a Mast ers Degree programme in Public Health in has important deduction on future quality of the public wellness sector in the UK, and so the universe sing the big inflow of foreign pupils seeking quality instruction in public wellness. ( 11 )Student cream is normally based chiefly on academic background/achievements. However, in new-made old ages, the standard has been widened to include other factors like single attitudes, involvements, and personal features desired ends and work experience. Selection policies based on the traditional academic ability are spendthrift melting out for a figure of grounds. One ground is the deficiency of grounds demoing a correlativity between old academic public institution and subsequent success in wellness professional courses/practice. ( 12 ) The purpose of any weft map is to choose persons who best tantrum certain define standards. Therefore an indispensable portion of this procedure is the definition of one or more standard by which appliers ca n be judged. This meter is highly of import, as SOPH are expected to take and develop future public wellness practicians who will be equipped with the needed accomplishments expected to turn to the challenges of this admiting profession. ( 11 )Until late in the United Kingdom, developing under the Faculty of Public wellness was unfastened to merely medical practician and as a consequence, handiness of infinites on medically oriented public wellness programmes for non-medical appliers were limited. However, in 2000, the module rank was opened to non-medical alumnuss. Despite this alteration, there has been a diminution in module rank. However, these happenings has prompted inquiries about the accomplishments required to be competent public wellness practicians and if it was necessary to hold a medical grade before analyzing public wellness. ( 13 )1.5 RationaleThe aspect for this undertaking was conceived by Dr Tom Marshall ( 14 ) after it was observed that admittances into the Uni versity of Birmingham s MPH classs had change magnituded significantly follo followg the debut of an on-line choice test, as a pre-requisite for initiation in March 2009. ( 15 ) Additionally, inquiries generated following a meeting of 12 MPH/MSc programme managers in family 2009 to discourse affairs of common involvement, besides inspired this undertaking.2. LITERATURE REVIEWThis literature reappraisal seeks to place similar work through on the choice standards for pupils meaning to collapse for a Masters grade in Public Health. It will try to place what the current cognition on pupil choice in the UK is, place countries that have already been researched and highlight what aspects may necessitate farther research.2.1 SEARCH STRATEGYThe writer conducted a hunt for articles written in English linguistic communication on the pupil choice standards for postgraduate public wellness instruction. Databases included in the hunt included MEDLINE, ERIC and ISI WEB OF SCIENCE. The electroni c footings used entirely or in combination for the hunt included Masterss, PUBLIC HEALTH, MPH, MSc, POSTGRADUATE, SELECTION, and CRITERIA . Search footings combinations were modified utilizing AND/OR and database specific wildcards ( e.g. $ or? ) . The initial hunt provided really limited relevant informations on the topic being researched. Therefore, the undermentioned hunt footings were included Undergraduate, and MEDICAL SCHOOL. 2.2 MPH AND UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL TrainingThe Rockefeller alkali s 1916 one-year study noted that the first SOPH was established to supply a sound footing of scientific cognition for the systematic publicity of worldly concern and personal hygiene and besides set up a well defined business as an attractive force for trefoils interested in the country of public wellness instead than the clinical pattern of medical specialty. These original aims still play a important function in finding who gets selected to analyze for an MPH.The educ ational course of study of sections of preventative medical specialty of most medical schools is really similar to that of many SOPH ( 16,17 ) and as a consequence the MPH programme was antecedently unfastened merely to alumnuss of medical schools as it was deemed indispensable to posses a medical grade before analyzing postgraduate public wellness.The turning demand for more health care professionals has seen the incorporation of the MPH course of study into the undergraduate medical preparation strategy. In the United States, a few of such programmes exist including classs at Yale, Tulane and John Hopkins. These medical schools run coincident programmes with next schools of public wellness, such that on graduation, pupils possess both an MD and an MPH.Undoubtedly, there is a strong convergence in the choice of undergraduate medical pupils and postgraduate pupils of the MPH programme. Due to the deficiency of literature on the choice standards for graduate schoolchild MPH, the wri ter decided to reexamine the literature on undergraduate medical pupil choice standards in the United Kingdom.2.3 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE UKThe standards used for choice of undergraduate medical pupils are mostly vague being more of an administrative exercising to fit the figure of appliers to the available infinites on the class utilizing a movable Markss threshold. The consequences are that the greater the figure of appliers that twelvemonth, the higher the threshold grade used for admittance. ( 18 )However, most medical schools strive to tell that the few available places available for medical pupil admittance are unfastened to pupils who will do the best physicians. With the current consciousness that non-academic personal qualities are basalally as of import in the pattern of medical specialty as academic ability, many medical schools require appliers to set about entry trials that step other qualities and features in add-on to academic ab ility. ( 12,19 )One of such trial is the personal qualities assessment trial ( PQA ) , which is designed to measure verbal, numerical, and spacial logical thinking. It contains a personality stock list and besides has an ethical logical thinking opus. The PQA has added value alongside the A degrees leting for an nonsubjective appraisal of non-cognitive features of draw a bead oning medical pupils. ( 19 )Many surveies have been done to measure the qualities of medical pupil which will do them good physicians in the hereafter. ( 19-21 ) A 20 twelvemonth prospective cohort valuate was carried out to find whether A- degree classs and intelligence abilities of medical pupils could be used to foretell physician s callings. The survey was carried out on 511 medical pupils who entered West-minister medical school between 1975 and 1982 with follow up to 2002. The result steps assessed were the clip interpreted to make different calling classs, postgraduate makings obtained, figure of rese arch publications, and steps of emphasis and burnout related to A- degree classs and intelligence at entry to clinical school. The consequences of the survey showed that an A-level class which has peculiar widespread application in UK pupil choice has long-run prognostic value for undergraduate and postgraduate callings. ( 21 )Parry J et al carried out a reappraisal of the admittance procedure of five medical classs in UK universities. The aims of the survey were to depict the current modes used by medical schools to place prospective medical pupils for admittance to the five twelvemonth grade class. The reappraisal was carried out on a sum of 20 two universities utilizing documental analysis and interviews with admittance coachs. Their findings revealed that there was a common standard for medical pupil admittance, based on academic ability, coupled with a suited personality consisting motive for medical specialty, atomic number 82 accomplishments, teamwork abilities and extracu rricular involvement. The reappraisal concluded that despite the common implicit in standards for medical pupil admittances, universities differed in their application of their demands for pupil choice. ( 22 )Brown and Lilford in their paper titled choosing medical pupils noted that it cost about ?200,000 lbs to develop each medical pupil in the United Kingdom. However, the deductions, fiscal and otherwise of taking the unseasonable pupil to develop in the first case are far greater. Three wide attributes that a suited pupil should hold include permit cognitive ability, diligence and humanity. However, the current choice tools can merely test suitably for cognitive ability. Most medical schools have introduced aptitude trial based largely on cognitive undertakings. There is grounds to demo that the trial correlative well with presymptomatic scrutiny consequences, but have non been a undecomposed forecaster of clinical public presentation. They besides questioned the truth of ps ychological as a forecaster of diligence observing the bickering in finding the conquer mixture of traits that is most prognostic of persevering service and personal patterned advance. They besides noted that although short medical pupil interviews were effectual enlisting tools, they had low prognostic value. ( 23 ) Another survey noted that while most medical schools may wish to choose future physicians with both cognitive and non-cognitive trial, utilise the usage of interviews was noted to be labour intensive and clip consuming. ( 19 ) Trial of cognitive ability seemed to be the most valid method with the highest predictive.A recent article proposed a comprehensive theoretical account for the choice of medical pupils based on informed ego choice, academic accomplishment, general cognitive ability ( GCA ) and facets of personality and interpersonal accomplishments. They used informations ( n=1000 ) from existent choice processs to show how their proposed theoretical account ca n be applied to increase the opportunities of doing accurate and defendable pupil choice. ( 24 )2.4 SELECTION PROCESS FOR MPH ADMISSION IN OTHER COUNTRIESThe choice of pupils into the MPH programme in the United States follows a different format than what applies in the UK. In the US, all SOPH and public wellness plans are accredited by the nationally recognized Council on rearing for Public Health ( CEPH ) . Students meaning to use for a graduate student grade in public wellness direct their application through the Schools of Public Health Application Service ( SOPHAS ) . SOPHAS so completes the application to different schools, on behalf of single pupils. Before pupils can subject their application to SOPHAS, they must sit for an launching scrutiny. Most schools accept the Graduate Record Exam ( GRE ) , although demands may change for some schools. ( 25 )It is clear from a reappraisal of the literature that the implicit in rules of pupil choice procedure is geared towards placin g persons who are most suited to the entry demands which are designed to choose campaigners that are most likely to win in the class. It besides aims to forestall the credence of campaigners that will most likely constitute a hazard to the profession.2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThis undertaking aims to measure how pupils are selected for admittance into a Master s programme by assorted schools of public wellness the United Kingdom.Specific aims will includeTo measure the differences in MPH pupil choice procedure used by different Universities.To find the coveted qualities of a suited MPH pupil.To determine if entry demands differ for first twelvemonth public wellness trainees when compared to other pupilsTo determine if entry demands differ for campaigners with or without medical preparationTo analyze the differences in entry demand for place and international pupilsTo increase our apprehension of why pupils chose certain MPH courses/universities3. Methodology3.1 STUDY DESIGNThis is an e xploratory survey which will affect a qualitative appraisal of MPH class manager s sentiments, followed by a cross-sectional survey of MPH pupil s sentiments.3.1 STUDY SettingThe survey will be carried out in different universities in the United Kingdom which offer a postgraduate public wellness grade class.3.2 STUDY tribeUK universitiesMPH class managersMiles per hour pupils3.3 STUDY TOOLSA information extraction signifier used to study university web sitesA semi structured telephone record interview with MPH class managers.A structured questionnaire for MPH pupils3.4 SamplingThis will get down with an initial study of web sites of all UK universities offering public wellness at postgraduate degree. Universities offering full clip or portion clip MPH/MSc Public Health and/or wellness publicity and classs under alternate names like Global Health will be selected for inclusion in the survey. Exclusion from the survey will be made on Public wellness classs offered at PHD or MPhil deg ree and Public wellness classs with rubrics such as Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Practice and Public Health policy.Based on the information collated from the website study, universities will be stratified into groups based on the undermentioned featuresSOPH affiliated with medical schoolsSOPH affiliated with schools of nursing/other allied schools of wellness.Sophomore with long distance preparation programmesSOPH with Health Promotion as a strong componentSOPH Involved with Public wellness traineesSubsequently, a graded random trying technique will be used to choose participant universities from each group. If an establishment has more than one of the features used for stratification, it will be included in a group with the least figure of universities. The current mark is aimed at choosing 20 universities for the telephone interview stage of the undertaking.3.4.1 UNIVERSITY SELECTION PROCESSAfter informations extraction is complete, each university will be assigned a al one designation ( ID ) figure in the Microsoft glide slope database. Based on the features outlined above, universities will be stratified into different groups. Each group will so be exported into a separate Microsoft excel dispersed sheet, with the alone ID figure arranged in columns. Subsequently, each column will be indiscriminately sorted utilizing the random generator tool for Excel. ( 26 ) The university at the top of the list from each group will be chosen for the interview procedure. The selected university will be excluded from the list, and the procedure repeated ( choosing and excepting the university at the top of the randomly sorted list each clip ) , until the coveted figure of participants has been reached. If there if any extend contacting or obtaining consent from a chosen university, the procedure will be repeated to choose a replacing.3.4.2 INTERVIEW OF COURSE DIRECTORSAfter stratification and random choice of universities, class managers from chosen SOPH will be contacted via electronic mail, and their consent sought for engagement in a semi-structured telephone recorded interview. Questions asked during the interviews will be structured to run into the declared aims of the undertaking. All interviews will be audio recorded with the consent of the respondents. Each telephone interview is anticipated to last between 30 to 45 proceedingss. Notes will be taken during the interview to postscript the sound taped conversations.3.4.3 MPH STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRESStructured questionnaires with be distributed to MPH pupils from two universities affiliated with medical schools, in add-on to the University of Birmingham SOPH, to measure the pupils sentiments on their pick of MPH programmes. The universities will be chosen from those already selected for interview of the class manager. Questionnaires will be distributed via electronic mail to pupils in selected universities.3.5 plea OF APPROACHThe survey will be executed by blending method, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative attacks. Qualitative methods are suited to for this undertaking as it provides the seat for understanding the contexts of societal experience and enhances our capacity for societal account and generalisation. ( 27 ) It besides allows for the incorporation of professional positions, in this survey, those of different MPH class managers. Furthermore, this research method centres strongly on inductive logical thinking when construing informations and normally consequences in findings that were wholly unexpected. ( 28 ) Telephone interviews have been mostly neglected as a qualitative tool by many research workers who prefer face to confront interview. They argue that the deficiency of ocular cues, loss of non verbal informations and trouble set uping rapport brand s telephone interviews less attractive as a information aggregation method. However, it is easier for sensitive information to be discover as respondents feel more relaxed. There is besides no grounds demoing that telephone interviews produce lower quality informations than face to confront interviews. ( 29 ) This method is besides rather utile for this undertaking as it is easier to schedule and cheaper, sing the geographical distribution of participant SOPH.Quantitative methods will be used to supplement qualitative methods in this survey, since it has been argued that the logic of qualitative thought can be extended with qualitative methods. ( 27 )3.6 Analytic MethodThis will be done utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques.Data crumbles will get down instantly after informations extraction from surveyed university websites. This will be done utilizing basic descriptive statistics and comparative analyses where necessary. The semi-structured telephone interviews will be reviewed and reported in a structured format foregrounding repeating subjects which will be coded and analysed utilizing a thematic model.Structured pupil questionnaires w ill be analysed utilizing basic descriptive statistics, rank correlativity and thematic analysis.Statistical bundles which will help in informations managing and analysis include Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel and NVivo.3.7 Anticipated ProblemThe most hard facet of this undertaking is the country of informations aggregation. The study of university web sites has been really disputing so far with tonss of trouble originating from screening out of import information from different university web sites.The writer anticipates that another major jobs associated with informations aggregation will be acquiring consent from MPH class managers for telephone interviews, sing their highly busy agenda. There is besides the issue of holding adequate clip to roll up, collate and adequately analyse informations generated for this undertaking.The job with the usage of pupil questionnaires is the issue of non-responders ( response rate possibly every bit low as 20 % ) . This could be addressed by utilizing on-line study tools e.g. study monkey and directing reminders to non-responders.Data analysis will necessitate some expertness in operating package bundles like Access, Excel an Nvivo. The writer has registered for and attended classs on these package bundles organized by the University of Birmingham IT-services section.3.8 ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMETABLEThe university web site study has reached an advanced phase and will be completed before the terminal of March 2010. Stratification of universities based on the standards outlined above has commenced and will be complete at about the same clip website informations extraction is completed. Subsequent choice of participant universities will be done in April 2010. It is expected that consent from take parting class managers will be received before the terminal of the April, and telephone interviews can be scheduled for May 2010. Data analysis will get down at the same time with the interviews and is expected to run through the m onth of June 2010.Design of pupil s questionnaires is about complete. Its construction will be refined in April 2010 and distributed by the terminal of the month. Responses should be received during the moth of May 2010. Analysis of pupil questionnaires should get down in June 2010.Compilation of consequences and treatments will be done in July 2010 in readying for concluding entry in August 2010.